<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD with OASIS Tables with MathML3 v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Terra Economicus</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-6606</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-4531</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18522/2073-6606-2026-24-2-117-134</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Other</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Разграничивая ответственность: анализ проблемы низкооплачиваемых работников с позиций теории равных возможностей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Delineating responsibility: Analyzing the low-wage worker problem from an equal opportunity theory perspective</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Франц</surname><given-names>Марина Валерьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frants</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><email>tan-marina@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородин</surname><given-names>Александр Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodin</surname><given-names>Aleksander</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><email>aib-2004@yandex.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзюба</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzyuba</surname><given-names>Evgeniy</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><email>intellectRus@yandex.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Губарев</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gubarev</surname><given-names>Roman</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><email>gubarev.roma@yandex.ru</email></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of social and Economic Research of the UFRC of the RAS</institution><city xml:lang="en">Ufa</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution><city xml:lang="ru">Уфа</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</institution><city xml:lang="en">Moscow</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова</institution><city xml:lang="ru">Москва</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Resource Center «Family» of the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Republic of Bashkortostan</institution><city xml:lang="en">Ufa</city><country xml:lang="en">Russia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский ресурсный центр «Семья» Министерства семьи, труда и социальной защиты населения Республики Башкортостан</institution><city xml:lang="ru">Уфа</city><country xml:lang="ru">Россия</country></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>117</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:title="CC BY 4.0"><ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p xml:lang="ru">CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://te.sfedu.ru/arkhiv-nomerov/2026/230-nomer-2/3081-razgranichivaya-otvetstvennost-analiz-problemy-nizkooplachivaemykh-rabotnikov-s-pozitsij-teorii-ravnykh-vozmozhnostej.html" xlink:title="https://te.sfedu.ru/arkhiv-nomerov/2026/230-nomer-2/3081-razgranichivaya-otvetstvennost-analiz-problemy-nizkooplachivaemykh-rabotnikov-s-pozitsij-teorii-ravnykh-vozmozhnostej.html">https://te.sfedu.ru/arkhiv-nomerov/2026/230-nomer-2/3081-razgranichivaya-otvetstvennost-analiz-problemy-nizkooplachivaemykh-rabotnikov-s-pozitsij-teorii-ravnykh-vozmozhnostej.html</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="publication-d0373bb9-398d-493b-80ba-7db5367f2701.pdf" xlink:title="PDF"/><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Данная работа посвящена анализу проблемы низкооплачиваемых работников с позиций теории равных возможностей. На данных проекта LiTS (волны 2016–2017 и 2022–2023 гг.) проводится межстрановой сравнительный динамический анализ распространенности низкооплачиваемой занятости в постсоциалистических странах, а также неравенства возможностей в отношении попадания в сегмент низкооплачиваемого наемного труда. Для измерения неравенства возможностей используется параметрическая методика с прямым подходом к оценке, вклад отдельных факторов-обстоятельств определяется с применением разложения по Шепли. Результаты исследования показали, что по изучаемой проблеме ситуация в среднем значительно лучше в странах – членах ЕС по сравнению с постсоветскими странами. Так, в среднем доля работающих на низкооплачиваемых рабочих местах в 2016–2017 гг. составляла 16,7% и 23,5%, в 2022–2023 гг. – 11,46% и 28,44% соответственно в странах – членах ЕС и постсоветских странах. Средний уровень неравенства возможностей в 2016–2017 гг. в странах – членах Евросоюза составил 0,1418, в постсоветских странах – 0,1805. В 2022–2023 гг. эти показатели составили соответственно 0,1225 и 0,2013. Вклад факторов-обстоятельств в формирование неравенства возможностей значительно варьирует по странам. В большинстве постсоветских стран наблюдается значительный вклад образования родителей (Армения, Казахстан, Киргизия, Молдова, Россия, Таджикистан и Узбекистан). При этом для стран – членов Евросоюза (Германия, Греция, Латвия, Польша, Словения и Словакия) наряду с образованием родителей также характерен и высокий вклад возраста.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="summary"><p>This paper deals with the issue of low-income workers from the point of view of equal opportunities theory. Using data from LiTS (2016–2017, 2022–2023), we conduct a comparative analysis of the prevalence and inequality of low-paid employment in post-communist countries. A parametric approach with direct estimation is used for measuring inequality, and individual circumstances are determined using Shapley’s decomposition. The study found that, on average, EU member states have a better situation than post-Soviet states regarding the issue. For example, the share of people employed in low-paying jobs was 16,7% and 23,5% in 2016–2017, with 11,46% and 28,44% in 2022–2023 in EU and post-Soviet countries, respectively. Inequality of opportunities was 0,1418 in EU countries and 0,1805 in post-Soviet countries in 2016–2017. In 2022–2023, these figures were 0,1225 and 0,2013, respectively. Circumstances contribute significantly to inequality in most post- Soviet countries (Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), especially parental education. However, age also plays a role in EU states (Germany, Greece, Latvia, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia).</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>постсоветские страны</kwd><kwd>страны ЕС</kwd><kwd>низкооплачиваемый наемный труд</kwd><kwd>работающие бедные</kwd><kwd>неравенство возможностей</kwd><kwd>факторы-обстоятельства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>post-Soviet countries</kwd><kwd>EU member states</kwd><kwd>low-wage paid labor</kwd><kwd>working poor</kwd><kwd>inequality of opportunity</kwd><kwd>circumstantial factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Аникин В.А., Слободенюк Е.Д. (2021). Бедность работающих: как изменились детерминанты в России за 20 лет? Социологическая наука и социальная практика (4), 23–41. DOI: 10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8603</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Бобков В.Н., Вередюк О.В. (2021). Занятость и рынок труда: контуры дестандартизации. Академическая дискуссия на V Санкт-Петербургском международном форуме труда (Санкт-Петербург, 23 апреля 2021 г.). Уровень жизни населения регионов России 17(2), 271–285. DOI: 10.19181/lsprr.2021.17.2.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Гимпельсон В.Е., Капелюшников Р.И., Шарунина А.В. (2018). Низкооплачиваемые рабочие места на российском рынке труда: есть ли выход и куда он ведет? Экономический журнал ВШЭ (4), 489–530. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8691-2018-22-4-489-530</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Ибрагимова З.Ф., Франц М.В. (2021). Измерение неравенства возможностей в отношении доходов: структурированный обзор и метаанализ. Прикладная эконометрика 61(1), 89–109. DOI: 10.22394/1993-7601-2021-61-89-109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Леонидова Г.В. (2022). Социально-трудовая сфера РФ: тенденции и риски формирования качества трудовой жизни. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз 15(6), 182–198. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2022.6.84.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Пугачев А.А. (2023). Экономическое неравенство граждан за гранью средних показателей: проблемы диагностики в условиях его трансформации. Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз. (3), 141–158. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2023.3.87.7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Слободенюк Е.Д., Мареева С.В., Каравай А.В. (2023). Представления о неравенстве как фактор инвестиций в человеческий капитал: опыт эмпирического анализа. Социологические исследования (6), 29–41. DOI: 10.31857/S013216250024234-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Тощенко Ж.Т. (2024). Жизненный мир как базовое понятие социологии жизни. Социологические исследования (7), 10–22. DOI: 10.31857/S0132162524070035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Abras, A., Hoyos, A., Narayan, A., Tiwari, S. (2013). Inequality of opportunities in the labor market: Evidence from life in transition surveys in Europe and Central Asia. IZA Journal of Labor &amp; Development 2, 7, 1–22. DOI: 10.1186/2193-9020-2-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Arneson, R. (1989). Equality and equal opportunity for welfare. Philosophical Studies 56(1), 77–93. DOI: 10.1007/BF00646210</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Bavaro, M., Raitano, M. (2024). Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 69, 495–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.03.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Chávez-Juárez, F., Soloaga, I. (2015). Scale vs. translation invariant measures of inequality of opportunity when the outcome is binary. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2226822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Cohen, G. (1989). On the currency of egalitarian justice. Ethics 99(4), 906–944. DOI: 10.1086/293126</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">de Barros, P., Ferreira, F., Vega, J., Chanduvi, S. (2009). Measuring inequality of opportunity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington DC: The World Bank. DOI: 10.1007/s10888-010-9151-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Dworkin, R. (1981a). What is equality? Part 1: Equality of welfare. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10(3), 185–246.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Dworkin, R. (1981b). What is equality? Part 2: Equality of resources. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10(4), 283–345.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Ferreira, F., Peragine, V. (2015). Equality of opportunity: Theory and evidence. World Bank Policy Research Working paper no. 7217. DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7217</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Mussida, Ch., Sciulli, D. (2025). Low‑pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries. The Journal of Economic Inequality 23, 1173–1196. DOI: 10.1007/s10888-025-09666-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Nightingale, M. (2019). Looking beyond average earnings: Why are male and female part-time employees in the UK more likely to be low paid than their full-time counterparts? Work, Employment and Society 33(1), 131–148. DOI: 10.1177/0950017018796471</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Rawls, J. (1971). Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Schultz, M. (2019). The wage mobility of low-wage workers in a changing Economy, 1968 to 2014. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(4), 159−189. DOI: 10.7758/rsf.2019.5.4.06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Abras, A., Hoyos, A., Narayan, A., Tiwari, S. (2013). Inequality of opportunities in the labor market: Evidence from life in transition surveys in Europe and Central Asia. IZA Journal of Labor &amp; Development 2, 7, 1–22. DOI: 10.1186/2193-9020-2-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Anikin, V., Slobodenyuk, E. (2021). In-work poverty in Russia: How determinants have changed over the 20 years? The Journal Sociological Science and Social Practice (4), 23–41 (in Russian). DOI: 10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8603</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Arneson, R. (1989). Equality and equal opportunity for welfare. Philosophical Studies 56(1), 77–93. DOI: 10.1007/BF00646210</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Bavaro, M., Raitano, M. (2024). Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 69, 495–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.03.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Bobkov, V., Veredyuk, O. (2021). Employment and labour market: contours of de-standardisation. Academic discussion at the V St. Petersburg international labour forum (St. Petersburg, April 23, 2021). Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 17(2), 271–285 (in Russian). DOI: 10.19181/lsprr.2021.17.2.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Chávez-Juárez, F., Soloaga, I. (2015). Scale vs. translation invariant measures of inequality of opportunity when the outcome is binary. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2226822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref28"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Cohen, G. (1989). On the currency of egalitarian justice. Ethics 99(4), 906–944. DOI: 10.1086/293126</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref29"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">de Barros, P., Ferreira, F., Vega, J., Chanduvi, S. (2009). Measuring inequality of opportunity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington DC: The World Bank. DOI: 10.1007/s10888-010-9151-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref30"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Dworkin, R. (1981a). What is equality? Part 1: Equality of welfare. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10(3), 185–246.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref31"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Dworkin, R. (1981b). What is equality? Part 2: Equality of resources. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10(4), 283–345.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref32"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Ferreira, F., Peragine, V. (2015). Equality of opportunity: Theory and evidence. World Bank Policy Research Working paper no. 7217. DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7217</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref33"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Gimpelson, V., Kapeliushnikov, R., Sharunina, A. (2018). Low paid jobs in the Russian labour market: Does exit exist and where does it lead to? HSE Economic Journal (4), 489–530 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17323/1813-8691-2018-22-4-489-530</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref34"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Ibragimova, Z., Frants, M. (2021). Measuring income opportunity inequality: A structural review and meta-analysis. Applied Econometrics 61(1), 89–109 (in Russian). DOI: 10.22394/1993-7601-2021-61-89-109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref35"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Leonidova, G. (2022). Social and labor sphere in the Russian Federation: Trends and risks in the formation of the quality of working life. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast 15(6), 182–198 (in Russian). DOI: 10.15838/esc.2022.6.84.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref36"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Mussida, Ch., Sciulli, D. (2025). Low‑pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries. The Journal of Economic Inequality 23, 1173–1196. DOI: 10.1007/s10888-025-09666-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref37"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Nightingale, M. (2019). Looking beyond average earnings: Why are male and female part-time employees in the UK more likely to be low paid than their full-time counterparts? Work, Employment and Society 33(1), 131–148. DOI: 10.1177/0950017018796471</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref38"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Pugachev, A. (2023). Economic inequality of citizens beyond averages: Assessment in the conditions of its transformation. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast (3), 141–158 (in Russian). DOI: 10.15838/esc.2023.3.87.7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref39"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Rawls, J. (1971). Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref40"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Schultz, M. (2019). The wage mobility of low-wage workers in a changing Economy, 1968 to 2014. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 5(4), 159−189. DOI: 10.7758/rsf.2019.5.4.06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref41"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Slobodenyuk, E., Mareeva, S., Karavay, A. (2023). Perceptions of inequality as a factor of investments in human capital (An empirical analysis). Sociological Studies (6), 29–41 (in Russian). DOI: 10.31857/S013216250024234-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref42"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Toshchenko, Zh. (2024). Life world as a basic concept of the sociology of life. Sociological Studies (7), 10–22 (in Russian). DOI: 10.31857/S0132162524070035</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
